Economics MBA | Microeconomics, Macroeconomics & Models

Explore security types, including stocks, bonds, futures and options, with clear examples, risks and tips for reading quotes.

Security Types: Stocks, Bonds, Futures and Options

Understanding security types helps you see what you actually own when you invest. A stock gives you an ownership interest, while a bond gives you a claim on a borrower's…

Ramon Cristian October 2, 2026

Learn margin trading and short selling with clear formulas, risk explanations, and step-by-step solutions to investment exercises.

Finance

Margin Trading and Short Selling: Solved Exercises

Margin trading and short selling change how investment gains, losses, and account equity work. A stock can fall only modestly while a leveraged investor loses a large share of their…

Ramon Cristian October 1, 2026

Learn long and short positions, short selling, margin calls, portfolio allocation, and practical examples with clear calculations.

Finance

Long and Short Positions: A Complete Investment Guide

Long and short positions describe two different ways to gain exposure to an investment. A long position usually benefits when its price rises, while a short position usually benefits when…

Ramon Silva September 30, 2026

Finance

Brokerage and Margin Accounts: A Practical Guide

Brokerage and margin accounts give investors access to securities, but they create different obligations. A cash account requires you to pay for purchases in full. A margin account lets you…

Ramon Silva September 29, 2026

Finance

The Investment Process: Guide and Solved Exercises

The investment process starts with a question that comes before choosing a stock: What job must your money do? A portfolio for next year's tuition needs a different plan from…

Ramon Silva September 28, 2026

Finance

Investment Risk and Return: Guide and Solved Exercises

Investment risk and return belong in the same conversation. A 12% gain sounds attractive, but does it include dividends? Did it happen in one year or over several? How much…

Ramon Silva September 27, 2026

Learn to calculate investment returns, compare average and IRR results, and understand how risk, fees, and inflation affect growth.

Finance

How to Calculate Investment Returns and Risk

How to calculate investment returns sounds simple until you add money midway through an investment, compare several years, or account for inflation. A portfolio can report a positive average return…

Ramon Silva September 26, 2026

Understand investment risk and return, volatility, average returns, inflation, and the math behind smarter comparisons.

Finance

Investment Risk and Return: A Complete Guide

Investment Risk and Return: The Math Behind Your Money Investment risk and return belong in the same conversation. A stock might deliver an impressive long-run average, yet a sharp loss…

Ramon Silva September 25, 2026

Stock market returns explained with 1928–2025 data, risk premiums, volatility, formulas, tables, and investor lessons.

Finance

Stock Market Returns: History, Risk and Reward

Stock market returns have created remarkable long-term wealth, yet the path has never been smooth or predictable. From 1928 through 2025, $100 invested in a large-company U.S. stock portfolio represented…

Ramon Silva September 9, 2026

Compare U.S. inflation by president from 1900 to 2025, with deflation, causes, policy responses, and economic consequences.

Economics

U.S. Inflation by President: 1900-2025

U.S. inflation by president reveals a century of wars, depressions, oil shocks, policy experiments, financial crises, and pandemic disruption. However, a presidential ranking can mislead unless it also explains timing…

Ramon Silva August 18, 2026